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Authentication of the CA The certificate of the CA must be authenticated before the device will be issued its own certificate and before certificate enrollment can occur. Authentication of the CA typically occurs only when you initially configure PKI support at your router. To authenticate the CA, issue the crypto pki authenticate command, which authenticates the CA to your router by obtaining the self-signed certificate of the CA that contains the public key of the CA. Note PKI does not support certificate with lifetime validity greater than the year So, It is recommended to choose a life time validity fewer than the value If a fingerprint is not preentered for a trustpoint, and if the authentication request is interactive, you must verify the fingerprint that is displayed during authentication of the CA certificate.
If the authentication request is noninteractive, the certificate will be rejected without a preentered fingerprint. Note If the authentication request is made using the command-line interface CLI , the request is an interactive request. If the authentication request is made using HTTP or another management tool, the request is a noninteractive request. SCEP is the most commonly used method for sending and receiving requests and certificates.
Note To take advantage of automated certificate and key rollover functionality, you must be running a CA that supports rollover and SCEP must be used as your client enrollment method. Manual cut-and-paste--The router displays the certificate request on the console terminal, allowing the user to enter the issued certificate on the console terminal. A user may manually cut-and-paste certificate requests and certificates when there is no network connection between the router and CA.
Enrollment profiles-- Enrollment profiles are primarily used for EST or terminal based enrollment. The saved, self-signed certificate can then be used for future SSL handshakes, eliminating the user intervention that was necessary to accept the certificate every time the router reloaded.
Note To take advantage of autoenrollment and autoreenrollment, do not use either TFTP or manual cut-and-paste enrollment as your enrollment method. Both TFTP and manual cut-and-paste enrollment methods are manual enrollment processes, requiring user input. Each suite consists of an encryption algorithm, a digital signature algorithm, a key agreement algorithm, and a hash or message digest algorithm. PKI support for validation of for X. An RA offloads authentication and authorization responsibilities from a CA.
When the RA receives a SCEP or manual enrollment request, the administrator can either reject or grant it on the basis of local policy. If the request is granted, it will be forwarded to the issuing CA, and the CA can be configured to automatically generate the certificate and return it to the RA. The client can later retrieve the granted certificate from the RA.
Automatic Certificate Enrollment Automatic certificate enrollment allows the CA client to automatically request a certificate from its CA sever. This automatic router request eliminates the need for operator intervention when the enrollment request is sent to the CA server. Automatic enrollment is performed on startup for any trustpoint CA that is configured and that does not have a valid client certificate. When the certificate expires, a new certificate is automatically requested.
Note When automatic enrollment is configured, clients automatically request client certificates. The CA server performs its own authorization checks; if these checks include a policy to automatically issue certificates, all clients will automatically receive certificates, which is not very secure. Thus, automatic certificate enrollment should be combined with additional authentication and authorization mechanisms such as Secure Device Provisioning SDP , leveraging existing certificates, and one-time passwords.
Feb 22 It is therefore quite possible to authenticate a CA successfully, while not enrolling successfully. It is equally important to inspect the certificates for validity after PKI authentication and enrollment, in order to avoid IKE authentication errors with RSA signatures. Once certificates have been received by each VPN endpoint, they should be checked for consistency.
Up until this point, we've discussed common troubleshooting tactics for debugging Phase 1 negotiation errors. In order for two peers to successfully negotiate an IPsec SA, they must agree on three things specific to Phase 2 negotiation: The IP addresses used for IPsec tunnel termination The symmetric IPsec transforms to use on crypto-protected traffic after an IPsec SA has been negotiated The scope of protected traffic in the crypto switching path Note - Other items in the crypto path can be negotiated during Phase 2 negotiation even if they are mismatched.
NON INVESTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
When the RA receives a SCEP or manual enrollment request, the administrator can either reject or grant it on the basis of local policy. If the request is granted, it is forwarded to the issuing CA, and the CA automatically generates the certificate and return it to the RA. The client can later retrieve the granted certificate from the RA. An RA is the authority charged with recording or verifying some or all of the data required for the CA to issue certificates.
In many cases the CA undertakes all of the RA functions itself, but where a CA operates over a wide geographical area or when there is security concern over exposing the CA to direct network access, it may be administratively advisable to delegate some of the tasks to an RA and leave the CA to concentrate on its primary tasks of signing certificates and CRLs.
The CA must distribute the new CA rollover certificate and keys too all its peers. This process, called rollover, allows for continuous operation of the network while the CAs and their clients are switching from an expiring CA certificate and key pair to a new CA certificate and key pair. Rollover relies on the PKI infrastructure requirements of trust relationships and synchronized clocks.
The PKI trust relationships allow 1 the new CA certificate to be authenticated, and 2 the rollover to be accomplished automatically without the loss of security. Synchronized clocks allow the rollover to be coordinated throughout your network. All levels of CAs must be automatically enrolled and have auto-rollover enabled.
CA clients support rollover automatically when automatically enrolled. After CAs have rollover enabled and their clients are automatically enrolled, there are three stages to the automatic CA certificate rollover process. The superior CA generates a rollover certificate and key pair. After the CA successfully saves its active configuration, the CA is ready to respond to client requests for the rollover certificate and key pair.
When the superior CA receives a request for the new CA certificate and key pair from a client, the CA responds by sending the new rollover CA certificate and key pair to the requesting client. The clients store the rollover CA certificate and key pair. When the RA receives a SCEP or manual enrollment request, the administrator can either reject or grant it on the basis of local policy. If the request is granted, it will be forwarded to the issuing CA, and the CA can be configured to automatically generate the certificate and return it to the RA.
The client can later retrieve the granted certificate from the RA. Automatic Certificate Enrollment Automatic certificate enrollment allows the CA client to automatically request a certificate from its CA sever. This automatic router request eliminates the need for operator intervention when the enrollment request is sent to the CA server.
Automatic enrollment is performed on startup for any trustpoint CA that is configured and that does not have a valid client certificate. When the certificate expires, a new certificate is automatically requested. Note When automatic enrollment is configured, clients automatically request client certificates. The CA server performs its own authorization checks; if these checks include a policy to automatically issue certificates, all clients will automatically receive certificates, which is not very secure.
Thus, automatic certificate enrollment should be combined with additional authentication and authorization mechanisms such as Secure Device Provisioning SDP , leveraging existing certificates, and one-time passwords. Certificate and key rollover allows the certificate renewal rollover request to be made before the certificate expires by retaining the current key and certificate until the new, or rollover, certificate is available.
After a specified amount of time, the rollover certificate and keys will become the active certificate and keys. The expired certificate and keys are immediately deleted upon rollover and removed from the certificate chain and CRL. An optional renewal percentage parameter can be used with the auto-enroll command to allow a new certificate to be requested when a specified percentage of the lifetime of the certificate has passed.
For example, if the renewal percentage is configured as 90 and the certificate has a lifetime of one year, a new certificate is requested In order for automatic rollover to occur, the renewal percentage must be less than The specified percent value must not be less than If a client certificate is issued for less than the configured validity period due to the impending expiration of the CA certificate, the rollover certificate will be issued for the balance of that period.
A minimum of 10 percent of the configured validity period, with an absolute minimum of 3 minutes, is required to allow rollover enough time to function. Tip If CA autoenrollment is not enabled, you may manually initiate rollover on an existing client with the crypto pki enroll command if the expiration time of the current client certificate is equal to or greater than the expiration time of the corresponding CA certificate.
The client will initiate the rollover process, which occurs only if the server is configured for automated rollover and has an available rollover server certificate. Note A key pair is also sent if configured by the auto-enroll re-generate command and keyword.
It is recommended that a new key pair be issued for security reasons. Certificate Enrollment Profiles Certificate enrollment profiles allow users to specify certificate authentication, enrollment, and reenrollment parameters when prompted. The values for these parameters are referenced by two templates that make up the profile. One template contains parameters for the HTTP request that is sent to the CA server to obtain the certificate of the CA also known as certificate authentication ; the other template contains parameters for the HTTP request that is sent to the CA for certificate enrollment.
Configuring two templates enables users to specify different URLs or methods for certificate authentication and enrollment; for example, authentication getting the certificate of the CA can be performed via TFTP using the authentication url command and enrollment can be performed manually using the enrollment terminal command.
Note A single enrollment profile can have up to three separate sections for each task--certificate authentication, enrollment, and reenrollment. If you configure enrollment or autoenrollment the first task , you cannot configure manual certificate enrollment. Also, if you configure TFTP or manual cut-and-paste certificate enrollment, you cannot configure autoenrollment, autoreenrollment, an enrollment profile, nor can you utilize the automated CA certificate rollover capability.
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